ABSTRACT The effects of machinery traffic and cover crops on soil physical properties have been underexplored under no-till agricultural production in subtropical environments. The objective of this study was to quantify the soil water infiltration rate and related soil physical properties in response to tractor traffic levels (0, 2, 5, and 20 passes) and the presence or absence of cover crops in a Xanthic Hapludox soil over two growing seasons under no-till conditions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme with four replications. The traffic factor was constituted by the number of passes with a 6 Mg weight tractor. The winter crop management practices factor consisted of the cover crops (i) black oat (Avena strigosa) in 2017 and turnip (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) in 2018 compared with (ii) fallow with spontaneous vegetation. The soil water infiltration rate increased with cover crops when compared to fallow. Regarding tractor traffic levels, shortly after soil compaction, there was a lower water infiltration rate at 20 passes, 45 mm h-1 lower than the absence of tractor traffic. The soil water infiltration rate was positively correlated with macroporosity and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. After 14 months of soil compaction caused by tractor traffic, an improvement in the soil physical properties and the water infiltration rate was found, which were enhanced by the inclusion of cover crops.

ABSTRACT No-tillage system (NTS) plays a prominent role in conservation agriculture, however, its benefits can be further improved by adopting complementary soil management and conservation practices, such as using autumnal cover crops, contour seeding, and terraces. This study aimed to evaluate how soil biological activity responds to soil management and conservation systems. The treatments consisted of three macroplots with an area of 11.000 m2 each, as follows: a) Non-Terraced catchment (NTC), cultivated in NTS similar to most farmers of the region, in which the agricultural operations are carried out in the direction of the slope and without terraces used; b) Best Management Practices (BMPs) were adopted in NTS with additional autumnal cultivation of cover crops, and also the direction of machine traffic was transverse to the slope direction; and c) Terraced catchment (TC), cultivated in NTS was associated to mechanical practices to erosion control, using wide base terrace on level. Soil microbial properties sampled in the 0.00-0.10 m layer were evaluated during 2019, 2020, and 2021, all shortly after the summer crop harvest. Natural inoculum potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), respirometry, metabolic coefficient, acid phosphatase activity, and organic carbon and nitrogen in the microbial biomass were assessed. Averages of each microbiological properties were compared through the confidence intervals (p<0.05). The results showed a greater potential for AMF inoculum in BMPs and TC systems. The NTC showed the highest values of respirometry and metabolic quotient, releasing 31.7 and 27.3 % more CO2 compared to BMPs and TC, respectively. The BMPs and TC were able to retain 13.8 and 16.5 % more carbon in the microbial biomass and 8.0 and 8.8 % more nitrogen in the biomass than NTC, respectively. Adopting soil management and conservation practices such as autumn cover crops, level seeding, and wide base terrace on level improved the soil microbial properties, with an increase in AMF inoculum potential, higher levels of acid phosphatase activity, and increment of carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect on Oxisol soil compaction of traffic by wood harvesting machines from different extraction distances carried out by a logging company located in Paraná State. The harvesting system was composed of a feller buncher, skidder and harvester, in which soil compaction was evaluated at four extraction distances and four depths by means of density, porosity and soil penetration resistance. Increased machine traffic resulted in the highest compaction in the soil surface layers on the extraction trail, with the highest intensity in the region near the edge of the stand and with values above the critical density limits. Soil penetration resistance was critical in the row of traffic over the stand with significant effects at a of 0.11 to 0.60 m, which is the recommended depth for soil preparation.

ABSTRACT Applications of phosphogypsum (PG) provide nutrients to the soil and reduce Al3+ activity, favoring soil fertility and root growth, but allow Mg2+ mobilization through the soil profile, resulting in variations in the PG rate required to achieve the optimum crop yield. This study evaluated the effect of application rates and splitting of PG on soil fertility of a Typic Hapludox, as well as the influence on annual crops under no-tillage. Using a (4 × 3) + 1 factorial structure, the treatments consisted of four PG rates (3, 6, 9, and 12 Mg ha-1) and three split applications (P1 = 100 % in 2009; P2 = 50+50 % in 2009 and 2010; P3 = 33+33+33 % in 2009, 2010 and 2011), plus a control without PG. The soil was sampled six months after the last PG application, in stratified layers to a depth of 0.8 m. Corn, wheat and soybean were sown between November 2011 and December 2012, and leaf samples were collected for analysis when at least 50 % of the plants showed reproductive structures. The application of PG increased Ca2+ concentrations in all sampled soil layers and the soil pH between 0.2 and 0.8 m, and reduced the concentrations of Al3+ in all layers and of Mg2+ to a depth of 0.6 m, without any effect of splitting the applications. The soil Ca/Mg ratio increased linearly to a depth of 0.6 m with the rates and were found to be higher in the 0.0-0.1 m layer of the P2 and P3 treatments than without splitting (P1). Sulfur concentrations increased linearly by application rates to a depth of 0.8 m, decreasing in the order P3>P2>P1 to a depth of 0.4 m and were higher in the treatments P3 and P2 than P1 between 0.4-0.6 m, whereas no differences were observed in the 0.6-0.8 m layer. No effect was recorded for K, P and potential acidity (H+Al). The leaf Ca and S concentration increased, while Mg decreased for all crops treated with PG, and there was no effect of splitting the application. The yield response of corn to PG rates was quadratic, with the maximum technical efficiency achieved at 6.38 Mg ha-1 of PG, while wheat yield increased linearly in a growing season with a drought period. Soybean yield was not affected by the PG rate, and splitting had no effect on the yield of any of the crops. Phosphogypsum improved soil fertility in the profile, however, Mg2+ migrated downwards, regardless of application splitting. Splitting the PG application induced a higher Ca/Mg ratio in the 0.0-0.1 m layer and less S leaching, but did not affect the crop yield. The application rates had no effect on soybean yield, but were beneficial for corn and, especially, for wheat, which was affected by a drought period during growth.

A produtividade e a nutrição de culturas anuais têm apresentado respostas diferenciadas às alterações nos atributos químicos do solo promovidas pela aplicação de gesso agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de gesso agrícola nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Bruno e na nutrição e produtividade da sucessão milho-cevada sob plantio direto. O experimento foi iniciado em novembro de 2009 em Guarapuava, PR, aplicando-se doses de 0,0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; e 6,0 Mg ha-1 de gesso na superfície do solo, no momento da semeadura do milho, que foi sucedido pela cevada. A aplicação do gesso reduziu os teores de Al3+e Mg2+ na camada de 0,0-0,1 m e elevou o pH do solo nas camadas entre 0,2-0,6 m de profundidade. As doses de gesso aumentaram os teores de Ca2+ em todas as camadas até a profundidade de 0,6 m; e os de S-SO4(2-), até 0,8 m. Nas duas culturas, os teores foliares de Ca e S aumentaram e os de Mg diminuíram em razão das doses de gesso. Houve efeito das doses gesso também sobre a produtividade, com resposta quadrática do milho e aumento linear no caso da cevada, sendo os acréscimos de produtividade de até 11 e 12 % superiores à testemunha, respectivamente nas doses de máxima eficiência técnica (MET) de 3,8 e 6,0 Mg ha-1 de gesso. A aplicação de gesso melhorou a fertilidade do solo no perfil, sobretudo em subsuperfície, e a nutrição das plantas, elevando a produtividade do milho e da cevada.

Annual crop yield and nutrition have shown differentiated responses to modifications in soil chemical properties brought about by gypsum application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gypsum application rates on the chemical properties of a Latossolo Bruno (Clayey Oxisol), as well as on the nutrition and yield of a maize-barley succession under no-till. The experiment was set up in November 2009 in Guarapuava, Parana, Brazil, applying gypsum rates of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 Mg ha-1 to the soil surface upon sowing maize, with crop succession of barley. Gypsum application decreased the levels of Al3+ and Mg2+ in the 0.0-0.1 m layer and increased soil pH in the layers from 0.2-0.6 m depth. Gypsum application has increased the levels of Ca2+ in all soil layers up to 0.6 m, and the levels of S-SO4(2-) up to 0.8 m. In both crops, the leaf concentrations of Ca and S were increased while Mg concentrations have decreased as a function of gypsum rates. There was also an effect of gypsum rates on grain yield, with a quadratic response of maize and a linear increase for barley. Yield increases were up to 11 and 12 % in relation to control for the maximum technical efficiency (MTE) rates of 3.8 and 6.0 Mg ha-1 of gypsum, respectively. Gypsum application improved soil fertility in the profile, especially in the subsurface, as well as plant nutrition, increasing the yields of maize and barley.

Potenciais produtivos distintos têm sido verificados entre talhões, bem como dentro desses, em áreas sob muitos anos de plantio direto (PD). Ferramentas de agricultura de precisão (AP) podem auxiliar a identificar tais diferenças, mas para manejar eficientemente a fertilidade do solo nessas condições a amostragem deve ser representativa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de atributos químicos do solo, conforme a camada ou profundidade de amostragem, na produtividade da cultura do trigo, em uma área sob PD de longa duração, utilizando zonas de um talhão com potenciais produtivos distintos. O estudo foi feito em Reserva do Iguaçu, PR, em área com 25 anos de PD e cinco anos de adoção de técnicas de AP. A partir de mapas de colheita anteriores, identificaram-se duas zonas, Z1 (alta produtividade) e Z2 (baixa produtividade), onde se estabeleceram malhas com 16 unidades amostrais. A produtividade do trigo foi estimada em três pontos por unidade, coletando-se amostras de solo de 0,0-0,1 e de 0,1-0,2 m nos mesmos pontos. A produtividade do trigo foi 22 % maior em Z1 do que em Z2, de acordo com os mapas de colheita utilizados. Os teores de carbono orgânico do solo (Corg) foram maiores em Z1, nas duas camadas do solo. Na camada de 0,1-0,2 m, a saturação (m%) e os teores de Al3+ foram significativamente maiores em Z2; nessa camada, Z1 apresentou maiores valores de pH e saturação por bases (V%) e teores de Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+. Houve correlação positiva da produtividade com os teores de Corg nas duas camadas do solo. Considerando somente a camada de 0,1-0,2 m, a correlação foi positiva com os valores de pH e V% e com a disponibilidade de Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+; e negativa, com a disponibilidade de Al3+. As diferenças na fertilidade do solo entre Z1 e Z2 se deram principalmente na camada de 0,1-0,2 m e foram associadas à diferença de produtividade do trigo, indicando ser importante a presença desse estrato na amostragem do solo em áreas de PD de longa duração, visando representar corretamente o estado de fertilidade do solo.

Different yield potentials between plots and within them have been verified in areas managed under no-till (NT). Precision farming (PF) techniques can help in identifying these distinct areas, but for efficient soil fertility management in areas under long-term NT, there must be representative sampling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of soil chemical properties on wheat yield in accordance with the sampling layer or depth in an area under long-term NT using zones of a plot with different yield potentials. The study was carried out at the Reserva do Iguaçu (Iguaçu Conservation Area), Parana, Brazil, in an area under NT for 25 years and with adoption of PF techniques for five years. Using data from yield maps of previous crops, two zones with distinct yield potentials were identified, named Z1 (higher yields) and Z2 (lower yields), in which sample grids with 16 units (50 × 50 m) were established. Wheat yield was estimated in three points per sampling unit, taking soil samples in the 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m depths at the same points. Wheat yield was 22 % higher in Z1 as compared to Z2, in agreement with the yield maps from previous crops. Soil organic carbon contents (Corg) were higher in Z1 for both soil layers. In the 0.1-0.2 m layer, the aluminum saturation (m %) and the Al3+ contents were significantly higher in Z2. In this same layer, Z1 showed higher values of pH and base saturation (V %) and higher levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. There was positive correlation between wheat yield and Corg content in both soil layers, and considering only the 0.1-0.2 m layer, correlation was positive with pH, V % and Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ contents, and negative with Al3+. The differences in soil fertility between Z1 and Z2 were mainly in the 0.1-0.2 m layer and were associated with the difference in wheat yield, indicating that the presence of this stratum is important for soil sampling in long-term NT areas aiming to correctly represent the status of soil fertility.

O manejo influencia atributos químicos e físicos do solo; entretanto, os químicos têm sido mais estudados, negligenciando-se a relevância da física do solo para a produtividade das culturas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a produtividade do trigo e caracterizar a sua relação com os atributos físicos de um Latossolo Bruno, sob sistema plantio direto (NT). O estudo foi realizado entre 2010-2011 em Reserva do Iguaçu, Paraná, em um dos talhões da fazenda Campo Bonito, com 25 anos de NT. Os mapas de colheita de cevada (2006), trigo (2007) e milho (2009) permitiram identificar as zonas Z1 (potencial produtivo maior) e Z2 (potencial produtivo menor), em que se estabeleceram malhas amostrais com 16 unidades de 50 x 50 m e três pontos de amostragem por unidade. Em 2010, avaliaram-se a produtividade de grãos (GY) do trigo e a capacidade de infiltração de água no solo (WIC). Amostras de solo com estrutura deformada e indeformada foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. As primeiras serviram para determinar o teor de carbono orgânico (Corg) e as últimas para determinar: densidade do solo (BD), porosidade total do solo (TP), macroporosidade (Mac) e microporosidade (Mic). Avaliaram-se, também, a resistência do solo à penetração (PR) e o conteúdo de água do solo (SWC). A GY do trigo no talhão foi próxima da média regional e houve diferença significativa de rendimento entre zonas, sendo 22 % superior em Z1 em relação a Z2. Não houve variação significativa da Mic entre as zonas do talhão; Z1 apresentou teores de Corg, SWC, TP e Mac maiores e BD menor que Z2, nas duas camadas de solo avaliadas, além de PR menor que Z2, na camada de 0,00-0,10 m, havendo, portanto, condição física de solo mais restritiva em Z2, condizente com os resultados de produtividade do trigo e potencial produtivo delimitado a priori, a partir dos mapas de colheita. A WIC foi significativamente maior (30 %) em Z1 que em Z2, em acordo com os resultados de TP e Mac, também maiores em Z1, nas duas camadas de solo. Considerando-se essas duas camadas, a análise de correlação permitiu destacar relações positivas entre a GY do trigo e TP, SWC e WIC.

Soil management influences the chemical and physical properties of soil. Chemical conditions have been thoroughly studied, while the role of soil physical conditions regarding crop yield has been neglected. This study aimed to analyze the wheat yield and its relationship with physical properties of an Oxisol under no-tillage (NT). The study was carried out between 2010 and 2011, in Reserva do Iguaçu, State of Paraná, Brazil, on the Campo Bonito farm, after 25 years of NT management. Based on harvest maps of barley (2006), wheat (2007) and maize (2009) of a plot (150 ha), zones with higher and lower yield potential (Z1 and Z2, respectively) were identified. Sampling grids with 16 units (50 x 50 m) and three sampling points per unit were established. The wheat grain yield (GY) and water infiltration capacity (WIC) were evaluated in 2010. Soil samples with disturbed and undisturbed structure were collected from the 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers. The former were used to determine soil organic carbon (Corg) levels and the latter to determine soil bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), macroporosity (Mac), and microporosity (Mic). Soil penetration resistance (PR) and water content (SWC) were also evaluated. The wheat GY of the whole plot was close to the regional average and the yield between the zones differed significantly, i.e. 22 % higher in Z1 than in Z2. No significant variation in Mic was observed between zones, but Z1 had higher Corg levels, SWC, TP and Mac and lower BD than Z2 in both soil layers, as well as a lower PR than Z2 in the 0.00-0.10 m layer. Therefore, soil physical conditions were more restrictive in Z2, in agreement with wheat yield and zone yield potential defined a priori, based on the harvest maps. Soil WIC in Z1 was significantly higher (30 %) than in Z2, in agreement with the results of TP and Mac which were also higher in Z1 in both soil layers. The correlation analysis of data of the two layers showed a positive relationship between wheat GY and the soil properties TP, SWC and WIC.

A busca por uma viticultura mais sustentável exige o estudo de fontes alternativas de nutrientes que causem menor impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de cinzas vegetais e esterco bovino no desenvolvimento de videiras cv. Isabel. As doses utilizadas foram: 0; 750;1.500 e 2.250 g planta-1 de cinzas vegetais e 0; 5 e 10 kg planta-1 de esterco bovino, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com 12 tratamentos, cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Nos dois primeiros ciclos de desenvolvimento vegetativo, foram avaliados o diâmetro dos ramos e o diâmetro do tronco e, no segundo ciclo, foi avaliado o índice de área foliar e realizadas as análises químicas de teores foliares de nutrientes. Houve efeitos positivos dos tratamentos para todas as variáveis estudadas, com mais evidência para as avaliações de índice de área foliar. De modo geral, para a maioria das variáveis, a dose de 5 kg planta-1 de esterco teve os melhores resultados, acrescido de 750 ou 1.500 g planta-1 de cinzas vegetais, ou o uso exclusivo de 10 kg planta-1de esterco bovino. No entanto, este último tratamento aumentou excessivamente o conteúdo de N, o que poderia ser prejudicial às plantas. Concluiu-se que as duas fontes podem ser usadas de maneira a suprir as exigências nutricionais de plantas jovens de videira, necessitando, dependendo das condições de solo, de uma suplementação com potássio e cálcio.

The search for a more sustainable viticulture requires the study of alternative sources that causes less environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of wood ashes and cattle manure on the vegetative growth of grapevines cv. Isabella. The following doses were used: 0, 750, 1500, 2250 g plant-1 of wood ashes and 0, 5 and 10 kg plant-1 of cattle manure, in a factorial scheme 4x3, with 12 treatments, five replications and two plant per plot. In the first two vegetative cycles, it was evaluated the diameter of canes and trunk and; on the second cycle, it was evaluated the leaf area index and carried out the chemical analysis of nutrients leaf content. It was verified positive effects of treatments for all variables studied, with more evidence for the leaf area index evaluations. In general, for the most variables, the dose of 5 kg plant-1 of cattle manure attained the best results, added to 750 or 1500 g plant-1 of wood ashes, or the exclusive use of 10 kg plant-1 of cattle manure. Nevertheless, this last treatment increased excessively the N content, what could be harmful to plants. It was concluded that the two sources could be used to supply the nutritional exigencies of young vines, needing, depending on soil conditions, a supplement with potassium and calcium.

Na região do Cerrado, as atividades agrícolas têm provocado impactos negativos, principalmente, na qualidade do solo e da água. Tanto em sistemas de exploração agrícola ou de pecuária, com diferentes manejos, a degradação física do solo é uma das consequências da redução da produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a infiltração de água no solo sob influência de diferentes sistemas de manejo em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico na região dos Cerrados. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes sistemas de manejo: a) solo sob vegetação nativa; b) solo com implantação de lavoura de soja durante um ano, seguido de três anos de pastagens; c) solo com implantação de lavoura de soja durante quatro anos, seguidos por quatro anos de pastagem; d) solo com lavoura de soja contínua em sistema de plantio direto; e e) solo com pastagem continuamente. Foram avaliadas, no período de 1995 a 2002, a velocidade de infiltração básica (VIB) e a infiltração de água acumulada no solo, utilizando o método de duplos anéis concêntricos. Os usos do solo com sistema de lavoura contínua, pecuária contínua e integração lavoura-pecuária tiveram a velocidade de infiltração básica e infiltração acumulada reduzidas em relação ao solo com vegetação nativa na região do Cerrado. Entre os sistemas estudados, o sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária foi o que apresentou valores mais próximos aos do solo sob vegetação nativa.

In the Cerrado region, agricultural activities have caused negative impacts mainly on the soil and water quality. Both in crop and livestock systems, with different managements, the soil physical degradation has led to reduced productivity. The objective of this study was to investigate water infiltration into a Dystrophic Red Latosol of the Cerrado region under different managements. The treatments consisted of the management systems: a) soil under native vegetation, b) soil with soybean for one year followed by three years of grazing, c) soil with implantation of soybean for four years, followed by four years of grazing, d) soil with continuous soybean in no-till system, e) soil with continuous grazing. From 1995 to 2002, the infiltration rate and accumulated water infiltrated in the soil were evaluated, using the concentric ring method. In the land use systems continuous crop, continuous livestock and crop-livestock integration, the infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration into the soil were lower than in soil under native Cerrado vegetation. Of the systems studied, the values of the integrated crop livestock system were closest to the soil under native vegetation.

A aplicação de gesso pode melhorar a qualidade do solo para as plantas, considerando atributos químicos e físicos do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de doses de gesso aplicadas em um Latossolo Vermelho sob plantio direto em sua qualidade estrutural. O experimento iniciou-se em setembro de 2005 em Guarapuava-PR, com a aplicação das doses de gesso na superfície do solo: 0, 4, 8 e 12 Mg ha-1. Dois monólitos de solo foram coletados em novembro de 2009 na profundidade de 0,0-0,300 m, para avaliação visual da qualidade estrutural do solo (Sq) e para obter agregados a fim de determinar sua resistência tênsil (ATS). A resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e a umidade gravimétrica (H%) do solo foram avaliadas na profundidade de 0,000-0,300 m, e amostras indeformadas foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0,000-0,075 e 0,075-0,150 m para determinar a densidade solo (Ds), porosidade total (PT), microporosidade (Mi) e macroporosidade (Ma). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão a 5%. Não houve efeito significativo da aplicação de gesso sobre ATS e U % dos agregados, mas houve efeito quadrático (0,000-0,075 m) e aumento linear (0,075-0,150 e 0,150-0,300 m) de Sq, o que representaria diminuição da qualidade estrutural do solo; contudo, os valores de Sq permaneceram majoritariamente abaixo de 3,0, qualidade entre boa e intermediária. A RP também aumentou com o uso do gesso, porém, novamente, os valores mantiveram-se abaixo de níveis críticos (2-3 MPa). Não houve efeito sobre a U % do solo no momento da determinação da RP no campo. Com o gesso, a Ds diminuiu na camada de 0,075-0,150 m, concomitantemente com o aumento de PT e Ma, enquanto na camada de 0,000-0,075 m parte da Ma foi convertida em Mi, sem alterar PT e Ds. Esses últimos resultados representam ganho na qualidade estrutural do solo em função da aplicação do gesso, mas os aumentos de escore da estrutura do solo e de resistência à penetração, mesmo permanecendo abaixo dos limites críticos, precisam ser monitorados a fim de garantir que não representarão limitações ao uso do solo no futuro.

Gypsum application may enhance the soil quality for plants in terms of soil chemical and physical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gypsum application on the structural quality of a no-tillage Red Latosol. The experiment was initiated in September 2005 in Guarapuava-PR, with gypsum applications of 0; 4; 8; and 12 Mg ha-1 on the soil surface. In November 2009, two soil blocks were sampled from the 0-0.3 m layer for visual evaluation of the soil structure quality (Sq) and to determine the aggregate-tensile strength (ATS). Soil penetration resistance (PR) and gravimetric moisture (H%) of the 0-0.300 m layer were evaluated, and soil cores were collected (layers 0.000-0.075 and 0.075-0.150 m), to determine soil bulk density (BD), total soil porosity (TP), microporosity (Mi), and macroporosity (Ma). Data were subjected to analysis of regression at 5 %. No significant effects of gypsum application on ATS and H % of aggregates were observed, but for Sq, a quadratic effect (0.000-0.075 m) and linear increase (0.075-0.150 and 0.150-0.300 m) were stated, indicating soil quality decrease, although Sq remained mostly below 3.0, with good to intermediate soil quality. Soil PR increased with gypsum, but also remained below critical levels. No effect was observed for soil H % at the moment of PR determination on the field. The gypsum applications decreased BD in the 0.075-0.150 m layer, and increased PT and Ma, while in 0.000-0.075 m some Ma was converted to Mi, without affecting PT and BD. These last results indicate a gain in soil structural quality by gypsum applications, but the higher scores of soil structure and values of soil penetration resistance, though still below thresholds, should be monitored to prevent limitations to soil use in the future.

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e produtividade de uvas para vinho tinto sob cobertura plástica, em sistema orgânico, em Guarapuava, região centro-sul do estado do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cultivares x porta-enxertos), com cinco cultivares de vinho tinto (Merlot, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Bordô e Isabel Precoce) e dois porta-enxertos (Paulsen 1103e VR 043-43). As videiras enxertadas foram plantadas em setembro de 2005 e as avaliações foram conduzidas nos três primeiros ciclos produtivos (2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2009/2009). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: estádios fenológicos, número de cachos, massa média dos cachos, produtividade, teor de sólidos solúveis totais e massa fresca do material de poda. O cultivo de videiras para vinificação em sistema orgânico sob cobertura plástica demonstrou ser viável, inibindo a incidência de doenças e reduzindo a necessidade de controle. O fator mais limitante foi o ataque de vespas e abelhas que severamente reduziram a colheita de cachos. Apesar desse problema, entre as cultivares de videira testadas, a Isabel Precoce foi a mais produtiva em todos os anos, enquanto a 'Malbec' foi também superior no primeiro ciclo. O híbrido 'VR 043-43' poderia ser um porta-enxerto adequado para a produção de uvas para vinho tinto em áreas infestadas com pérola-da-terra (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis).

A trial was carried out aiming to evaluate the development and yield of red wine grapevines under plastic cover in an organic production system in Guarapuava, the Central-Southern region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was in a randomized blocks, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement (cultivars x rootstocks), with five red wine vine cultivars (Merlot, Malbec, Carbenet Sauvignon, Ives and Early Isabella) and two rootstocks (Paulsen 1103 e VR 043-43). The grafted grapevines were planted in September of 2005 and the evaluations carried out for the three first productive cycles (2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2008/2009). The following variables were evaluated: phenological growth stages, number of clusters, average cluster weight, total yield, total soluble solids content and fresh weight of pruning material. The cultivation of wine grapevines in an organic system under plastic cover demonstrated viability, inhibiting the incidence of diseases and reducing the needs of control. The most limiting factor was the damage caused by wasps and bees that decreased cluster harvest. Despite this problem, between tested grapevine cultivars, the Early Isabella was the most productive in all years, while Malbec was also outstanding in the first cycle. VR 043-43 hybrid could be a suitable rootstock for red wine production in areas infested by 'Perola da Terra' scale insects (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis).

A adubação de plantas frutíferas de clima temperado é rotineiramente recomendada em função da interpretação de laudos de análises químicas de solo e folhas, mas não são específicas para as diferentes cultivares e porta-enxertos. Neste contexto, um experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos, com o objetivo de avaliar o estado nutricional de diferentes cultivares de pereira enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto marmeleiro 'CP', em Guarapuava-PR. As cultivares de pereira Cascatense, Tenra, Hosui, Packham's Triumph e Williams foram plantadas em 2004, em densidade de 2.500 plantas ha-1. Amostras de folhas e de frutos foram coletadas em 2006 e 2007 para análises químicas dos teores de nutrientes. Folhas completas e normais foram amostradas em meados de janeiro, retiradas da parte mediana das brotações do ano. Os frutos foram colhidos quando o teor de sólidos solúveis totais atingiram 10º Brix. As cultivares de pereira apresentaram diferenças em relação aos teores de nutrientes nas folhas e frutos, demonstrando exigências nutricionais distintas. A cv. Cascatense apresentou os maiores teores de N e P nos frutos em, pelo menos, um dos anos avaliados, e a cv. Hosui, os maiores valores para K. A extração de nutrientes pelos frutos situou-se entre 0,366 e 0,825 kg de N; 0,097 e 0,205 kg de P; 0,996 e 1,302 kg de K; 0,085 e 0,049 a 0,085 kg de Ca, e entre 0,041 e 0,095 kg de Mg por tonelada de frutos.

The fertilizer applications in deciduous fruit trees are usually recommended in function of chemical soil and leaves analysis interpretation, but they are not specific for the different scion and rootstock cultivars. In this context, a trial was carried out aiming to evaluate the nutritional status of different pear cultivars grafted on rootstock quince 'CP' by two consecutive years, in Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. The pear cultivars Cascatense, Tenra, Hosui, Packham's Triumph and Williams were planted in 2004 at the density planting of 2.500 plants ha-1. Samples of leaves and fruits were collected in 2006 and 2007 for chemical analysis of nutrient contents. Complete and normal leaves were sampled in the end of January, token from the middle part of one-year shoots. The fruits were collected when the total soluble solids content reached 10º Brix. The pear cultivars showed differences in relation to nutrient content in leaves and fruits, indicating distinct nutritional requirements. The cv. Cascatense presented the highest N and P contents in fruits at least in one of the years, and the cv Hosui the highest K content. The nutrient extraction by fruits ranged from 0.366 to 0.825 kg N; 0.097 to 0.205 kg P, 0.996 to 1.302 kg K, 0.049 to 0.085 kg Ca and 0.041 to 0.095 kg Mg per fruit ton.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos do extrato de alho (Bioalho®) na quebra de dormência de gemas de macieiras 'Fuji Kiku', em comparação ao uso convencional de cianamida hidrogenada (H2CN2), na região de Guarapuava-PR. Logo após a poda de inverno, em setembro de 2005, os seguintes tratamentos foram pulverizados nas plantas durante o estádio fenológico de gema dormente: 1) Testemunha (sem tratamento); 2) EA (extrato de alho) 1%; 3) EA 5%; 4) EA 10%; 5) OM (óleo mineral) 2%; 6) EA 1% + OM 2%; 7) EA 5% + OM 2%; 8) EA 10% + OM 2%; 9) H2CN2 0,4% + OM 4%. Os tratamentos com extrato de alho e óleo mineral apresentaram efeitos similares ao tratamento convencional com cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral, atingindo mais de 90% de brotação das gemas aos 50 DAT, enquanto o tratamento com óleo mineral isoladamente a 2% e a testemunha atingiram apenas 62,5 e 42,7%, respectivamente. Os tratamentos com EA 5% ou 10%, com ou sem óleo mineral, foram os que apresentaram menores valores para as variáveis número de frutos, produção por planta e produtividade por área, não por ineficiência na quebra de dormência, mas, possivelmente, pela antecipação da floração que coincidiu com período bastante chuvoso no início da primavera.

This study aimed to examine the effects of garlic extract (Bioalho®) on bud break of 'Fuji Kiku' apple trees in comparison to the conventional use of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) at the region of Guarapuava-PR, Brazil. Soon after winter pruning, in September 2005, the following treatments were sprayed on plants at dormant bud stage: 1) control (untreated); 2) 1% GE (garlic extract); 3) 5% GE; 4) 10% GE; 5) 2% MO (mineral oil); 6) 1% GE + 2% MO; 7) 5% GE + 2% MO; 8) 10% GE + 2% MO; 9) 0.4% H2CN2 + 4% MO. The treatments with garlic extract and mineral oil showed similar effects in comparison to the hydrogen cyanamide treatment, achieving up to 90% of bud sprouting at 50 DAT, while only 2% mineral oil and control, attained only 62.5 and 42.7%, respectively. The treatments with 5 or 10% garlic extract presented the lowest values for number of fruits, yield per plant and yield per area, not because the ineffectivenessof break dormancy, but probably due to the antecipation of the flowering which coincided to a very much rainy period at the beginning of the spring.